INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT – COPYRIGHT : GENERAL REVIEW

Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. In fact, it is a bundle of rights including, inter alia, rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaptation and translation of the work. There could be slight variations in the composition of the rights depending on the work.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT - TRADEMARK: GENERAL REVIEW

Abstract: An Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to trademarks, to provide for registration and better protection of trademarks for goods and services and for the prevention of the use of fraudulent marks. A trademark (popularly known as brand name) in layman's language is a visual symbol which may be a word signature, name, device, label, numerals or combination of colours used by one undertaking on goods or services or other articles of commerce to distinguish it from other similar goods or services originating from a different undertaking.

Construction of nursing patent education in China based on the investigation of the requirements for nursing patent knowledge in postgraduates / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate the requirements for patent knowledge in postgraduate nursing students so as to provide a basis for nursing patent education.Methods Full-time nursing postgraduates from 60 colleges and universities were investigated by self-directed questionnaires and a total of 119 validated questionnaires were returned.The survey included:general information;learning requirements for nursing patent knowledge (learning content and forms,incentive system and learning platforms learning approaches).Five-point Likert scale below was used:1-Strongly disagree,2-Disagree,3-Neither agree nor disagree,4-Agree,5-Strongly agree.All statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS software (version 21.0).Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.Ordered categorical variables were compared between two groups and among above three groups with use of the Mann Whitney rank sum test and the Kruskal-Wallis test respectively.P＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results There was no significant difference in the effect of types of postgraduate (professional and academic) on the requirement for nursing patent knowledge in postgraduate (P＞0.05),while significant differences were observed in those of paper publishing,project participation and patent application (P＜0.05).Conclusion Nursing patent education can be well established only under the strong supports from the universities,faculties,supervisors as well as students,thereby developing the innovation of postgraduates.

The current situation of intellectual property right management department in public hospitals in Shanghai and the demand analysis of medical staff in medical translation / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective The basic feature of translational medicine is collaborative innovation by multiple disciplines.The essence of translational medicine is the management innovation.Public hospitals have the advantages of disciplines and talents,which is one of the main forces for translational medicine research.Study on the current situation of intellectual property right (IPR) management department in public hospitals and the demand analysis of medical staff in the medical translation will improve the management system of innovational medical technology and support the government policymaking.Methods Questionnaire survey was carried out in the part of Shanghai secondary and tertiary public hospitals.Results A total of 150 questionnaires were surveyed with a responding rate of 98％.Nearly 65 ％ of inventors do not know the basic situation of the administrative staff,which is in charge of the IPR management.The main work focuses on the patent application (accounting for 70.9％ of the responders).The medical staff want be supported in four areas including professional team(accounting for 62.5％ of the responders),special funds(accounting for 80.3％ of the responders),public research platform(accounting for 55.7％ of the responders) and talent policy(accounting for 43.6％ of the responders).Conclusions Full time management of IPR is proposed,active awareness of the administrative staff needs to be strengthened and government should support in these four areas.

Patentes e o direito à saúde: análise sobre as discussões de propriedade intelectual na Organização Mundial da Saúde, entre 2006 e 2016 / Patents and the right to health: an analysis of intellectual property discussions in the World Health Organization, between 2006 and 2016 / Patentes y el derecho a la salud: análisis sobre las discusiones de propiedad intelectual em la Organización Mundial de la Salud, entre 2006 y 2016

Objetivo ­ Analisar as discussões realizadas na OMS sobre propriedade intelectual e saúde pública, no período entre 2006 e 2016. Resultados ­ Houve destaque às funções sociais da propriedade intelectual, contudo, observado que países em desenvolvimento e menos desenvolvidos não são capazes de se beneficiar de uma maior proteção à propriedade intelectual, pelo que devem utilizar-se das flexibilidades presentes nas normas regulatórias, como o Acordo TRIPS e reafirmadas na Declaração de Doha. Considerações Finais ­ Observa-se que os debates sobre a propriedade intelectual, em especial acerca produtos farmacêuticos, vem cercada de controvérsias relacionadas ao acesso das populações aos medicamentos essenciais, à promoção da inovação e transferência de tecnologias dos países desenvolvidos aos países em desenvolvimento , Importa assinalar que no contexto brasileiro o reconhecimento de propriedade intelectual promoveu um aumento de custo dos produtos farmacêuticos, em virtude do monopólio, e torna-se um dos elementos de barreira ao acesso e à universalização do direito à saúde

Objective ­ To analyze the discussions held at WHO on intellectual property and public health, between 2006 and 2016. Results ­ The social functions of intellectual property were highlighted, however, observing that developing and less developed countries are not able to benefit from protection of intellectual property, so that the flexibilities in regulatory standards, such as the TRIPS Agreement and reaffirmed in the Doha Declaration, should be used. Final Considerations ­ Discussions on intellectual property, in particular on pharmaceuticals, are surrounded by controversies regarding the access of populations to essential medicines, the promotion of innovation and the transfer of technologies from developed to developing countries, It matters to point out that in the Brazilian context the recognition of intellectual property promoted an increase in the cost of pharmaceutical products, due to the monopoly, and becomes one of the barrier elements to the access and universalization of the right to health.

Objetivo ­ Analizar las discusiones realizadas en la OMS sobre propiedad intelectual y salud pública, en el período entre 2006 y 2016. Resultados ­ Hubo destaque a las funciones sociales de la propiedad intelectual, sin embargo, observó que los países en desarrollo y menos desarrollados no son capaces de beneficiarse una mayor protección a la propiedad intelectual, por lo que deben utilizarse las flexibilidades presentes en las normas regulatorias, como el Acuerdo ADPIC y reafirmadas en la Declaración de Doha. Consideraciones finales ­ Se observa que los debates sobre la propiedad intelectual, en particular sobre productos farmacéuticos, están rodeados de controversias relacionadas con el acceso de las poblaciones a los medicamentos esenciales, la promoción de la innovación y la transferencia de tecnologías de los países desarrollados a los países en desarrollo, señalar que en el contexto brasileño el reconocimiento de propiedad intelectual promovió un aumento de costo de los productos farmacéuticos, en virtud del monopolio, y se convierte en uno de los elementos de barrera al acceso ya la universalización del derecho a la salud.

Involvement of intellectual property rights in digitalization of ancient medical documents / 中华医学图书情报杂志

Digitalization of ancient medical documents has become an important platform for the development and protection of medical literature and digitalization of ancient medical documents based on ancient medical documents themselves will lead to a series of intellectual property rights. After the relationship between ancient medical docu-ments and protection of intellectual property rights was analyzed, the major intellectual property rights involved in current digitalization of ancient medical documents were pointed out with their solutions elaborated from the reasona-bleness, rationality, legality and normality.

Intellectual Property Right of Transgenic Crops and Right to Work: Bioethical Challenges in Rural Communities.

Abstract: Increasing importance of intellectual property rights (IPR) over the area of seed production, is radically transforming agricultural production relations. One major effect of this transformation is the exclusive control of biotech companies on process of transaction of GM crops. This new status, that is the part of a trend that was set in national and international documents to protect inventors, may have adverse impact on the right to work of poor and vulnerable farmers in developing countries. In the framework of international human rights, the right to work is the fundamental right of every one to have sustainable access to decent work that meets the needs and welfare of his livelihood. Rural communities enjoy this right similar to the urban communities. But, the main question, which is our major concern, is the relationship between IPR and the right to work with attention to articles of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural right and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.